The Sierra Nevada in southern Spain and possibly other Spanish populations Cones often with thicker scales, but doubtfully distinguishable on morphology. Mongolia and adjoining parts of southern Siberia and northwestern China. The Balkans, northern Turkey, Crimea, and the Caucasus.įoliage duller green, shoots gray-green leaves occasionally up to 12 cm long. The bulk of the range, from Scotland and Spain to central Siberia.įoliage more consistently glaucous all year, not becoming duller in winter cones more frequently with a pyramidal apophysis. lapponica, but the differences are clinal and it is not genetically distinct. Trees in the far north of the range were formerly sometimes treated as var. Populations in westernmost Scotland are genetically distinct from those in the rest of Scotland and northern Europe, but not sufficiently to have been distinguished as separate botanical varieties. They differ only minimally in morphology, but with more pronounced differences in genetic analysis and resin composition. Over 100 Pinus sylvestris varieties have been described in the botanical literature, but only three or four are now accepted. The pollen cones are yellow, occasionally pink, 8–12 mm ( 5⁄ 16– 15⁄ 32 in) long pollen release is in mid to late spring. The seeds are blackish, 3–5 mm ( 1⁄ 8– 3⁄ 16 in) in length with a pale brown 12–20 mm ( 1⁄ 2– 13⁄ 16 in) wing and are released when the cones open in spring 22–24 months after pollination. The cone scales have a flat to pyramidal apophysis (the external part of the cone scale), with a small prickle on the umbo (central boss or protuberance). The seed cones are red at pollination, then pale brown, globose and 4–8 mm ( 5⁄ 32– 5⁄ 16 in) in diameter in their first year, expanding to full size in their second year, pointed ovoid-conic, green, then gray-green to yellow-brown at maturity, 3–7.5 cm ( 1 + 1⁄ 8–3 in) long. Mature open cones and seeds Roots of an old pine in Ystad, Sweden Seedlings up to one year old bear juvenile leaves these are single (not in pairs), 2–3 cm ( 3⁄ 4– 1 + 1⁄ 4 in) long, flattened, with a serrated margin. Leaf persistence varies from two to four years in warmer climates, and up to nine years in subarctic regions. On vigorous young trees the leaves can be twice as long, and occasionally occur in fascicles of three or four on the tips of strong shoots. On mature trees the leaves ('needles') are a glaucous blue-green, often darker green to dark yellow-green in winter, 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 inches) long and 1–2 millimetres ( 1⁄ 32– 3⁄ 32 in) broad, produced in fascicles of two with a persistent gray 5–10 mm ( 1⁄ 4– 3⁄ 8 in) basal sheath. The shoots are light brown, with a spirally arranged scale-like pattern. The habit of the mature tree is distinctive due to its long, bare and straight trunk topped by a rounded or flat-topped mass of foliage. The bark is thick, flaky and orange-red when young to scaly and gray-brown in maturity, sometimes retaining the former on the upper portion. The lifespan is normally 150–300 years, with the oldest recorded specimens in Lapland, Northern Finland over 760 years. The tallest on record is a tree over 210 years old growing in Estonia which stands at 46.6 m (153 ft). Pinus sylvestris is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 35 metres (115 feet) in height and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in trunk diameter when mature, exceptionally over 45 m (148 ft) tall and 1.7 m ( 5 + 1⁄ 2 ft) in trunk diameter on very productive sites. It can readily be identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.ĭescription Young female cone Pinus sylvestris forest in Sierra de Guadarrama, central Spain Pinus sylvestris, the Scots pine (UK), Scotch pine (US) or Baltic pine, is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia.
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